¿Por qué es importante detectar la gastritis atrófica y la metaplasia intestinal gástrica? ¿Cuál es la forma adecuada de hacerlo? / Why is it important to detect atrophic gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia? What is the proper way to do it?

RESUMEN La metaplasia intestinal gástrica y la gastritis atrófica son condiciones precancerosas conocidas (CPCs) del estómago, lo que significa que los pacientes con CPCs están en riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico y, por lo tanto, el diagnóstico y la categorización de riesgo para estos pacientes es un tema relevante. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar una actualización sobre el problema, el diagnóstico y el manejo de las CPCs con énfasis en el papel de la detección endoscópica adecuada.

ABSTRACT Gastric intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis are a known precancerous condition (PCC) of the stomach, meaning that patients with PCC are at risk for gastric cancer and so, diagnosis and risk categorization for these patients is relevant. The aim of this review is to provide an update regarding the problem, diagnosis, and management of PCCs with an emphasis on the role of appropriate endoscopic detection.

La alta prevalencia de lesiones premalignas gástricas y el bajo rendimiento diagnóstico de la visión endoscópica son argumentos a favor de la toma sistemática de biopsias gástricas por Protocolo Sydney / The high prevalence of gastric premalignant lesions and the low diagnostic performance of endoscopic vision advocate towards a systematic gastric biopsy sampling using Sydney Protocol

Background: Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are stages that appear in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Their presence requires programmed endoscopic vigilance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of AG and IM in gastric biopsies (GB) taken according to Sydney Protocol and to correlate them with endoscopic findings. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis of 233 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with GB per Sydney Protocol. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) scores were calculated based on the GB description. Endoscopic findings were analyzed for atypical findings and compared to the GB report. Statistic analysis for Kappa and ANOVA was performed via Stata 12. Results: Mean age of patients was 58 ± 12 years. 69% were women. The frequency of AG and IM was 44% and 33% in the antrum, 31% and 20% in the angular incisure and 14% and 9% in the body, respectively. AG and IM were more frequent in the antrum (p < 0.05). AG and IM were more severe in the angular incisure and body (p < 0.05). We were unable to calculate OLGA and OLGIM in 6% and 9% of cases, respectively, due to absence of severity description in GB. 53% were OLGA 0, 42% OLGA I-II and 5% OLGA III-IV. 70% were OLGIM 0, 25% OLGIM I-II and 5% OLGIM III-IV. Agreement between endoscopic and histological findings was best for IM in the antrum (75.5%, Kappa 0.4). Sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic findings were 39% and 70% for AG, and 30% and 85% for IM, respectively. Conclusion: AG and IM are frequent findings in our patients. Due to the low endoscopic sensitivity for AG and IM, we suggest a systematic GB sampling using Sydney Protocol in patients over 40 years old.

Introducción: La gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) y la metaplasia intestinal (MI) son etapas en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, su presencia requiere control endoscópico programado. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de GCA y MI en biopsias gástricas (BG) por protocolo de Sydney y relacionarlas con el hallazgo endoscópico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de 233 endoscopias digestivas altas con BG por Protocolo Sydney. Se graduó puntaje OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) y OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) según la descripción de la BG. Se definió el hallazgo endoscópico según su informe y se comparó con BG como patrón de referencia. Estadística: Stata 12 para Kappa y ANOVA. Resultados: Edad promedio 58 ± 12 años, 69% mujeres. La frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro fue de 44 y 33%, en ángulo 31 y 20% y en cuerpo 14 y 9%, respectivamente. Hubo mayor frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro (p < 0,05). La graduación de GCA y MI fue mayor en ángulo y cuerpo (p < 0,05). No se obtuvo OLGA en 6% y OLGIM en 9% por ausencia de graduación. La frecuencia de OLGA 0 fue de 53%, OLGA I-II 42%, OLGA III-IV 5%, OLGIM O 70%, OLGIM I-II 25% y OLGIM III-IV 5%. La mejor correlación se observó entre la MI antral endoscópica con la histológica (75,5%, Kappa 0,4). La sensibilidad y especificidad endoscópica fue de 39 y 70% para GCA y 30 y 85% para MI. Conclusión: GCA y MI son hallazgos frecuentes en nuestros pacientes. Por la baja sensibilidad endoscópica en la identificación de GCA y MI sugerimos la toma sistemática de BG por protocolo de Sydney en pacientes mayores de 40 años.

Metaplasia óssea no gliossarcoma: um achado histológico pouco usual. Relato de caso / Osseous metaplasia in gliosarcoma: an unusual histologic finding. Case report

Gliosarcoma (GS) is a malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system that has coexisting glial and mesenchymal components. GSs are rarely related to osseous metaplasia. The authors report a case of GS in a male patient presenting apathy and catatonia. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed an expansive process affecting the left frontal lobe. At microscopy, a malignant glioma constituted by highly atypical glial cells intermingled with spindle-shaped cells was identified. The lesion showed areas of necrosis with pseudopalisading formation, focus of osseous metaplasia, and positive immunoexpression of S100, CD99 and vimentin in both elements. Only the sarcomatous component exhibited negative immunoexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The diagnosis of GS was then established...

Gliossarcoma (GS) é uma neoplasia maligna do sistema nervoso central que apresenta coexistência de componentes glial e mesenquimal. Raramente, os GS estão associados à metaplasia óssea. Os autores descrevem um caso de GS em paciente masculino apresentando apatia e catatonia. A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética mostraram um processo expansivo comprometendo o lobo frontal esquerdo. À microscopia, foi identificado um glioma maligno constituído por células gliais extremamente atípicas entremeadas com células fusiformes. A lesão mostrava áreas de necrose com formação de pseudopaliçada, focos de metaplasia óssea e expressão imuno-histoquímica positiva para S100, CD99 e vimentina em ambos os componentes. Somente o componente sarcomatoso exibiu imunoexpressão negativa para proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP). O diagnóstico de GS foi, então, estabelecido...

Biomarkers for screening of lung cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions in a high risk Chilean population

BACKGROUND: The mortality of lung cancer (LC), increases each year in the world, in spite of any advances, in development of new drugs to advance stages of LC. The high incidence of LC has been associated with smoking habit, genetic diversity and environmental pollution. Antofagasta region has been reported to have the highest LC mortality rate in Chile and its inhabitants were exposed to arsenic in their drinking water in concentrations as high as 870 µg/L. Non-invasive techniques such as biomarkers (Automatic Quantitative Cytometry: AQC and DR70) and Auto Fluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB) might be potentially useful as a supplementary diagnostic approach and early detection. Early detection is one of the most important factors to intervene and prevent cancer progression in LC. This is a work of an ongoing prospective bimodality cancer surveillance study in high risk LC volunteers. Enrolment was done in subjects from Antofagasta and Metropolitan regions. In addition, we enrolled subjects who were suspected of having lung cancer. AQC, DR70 and AFB were used as tools in the detection of pre-neoplastic (PNL) and neoplastic lesions (NL). RESULTS: Half of the samples, classified as suspicious by AFB, were confirmed as metaplasia or dysplasia by histopathology. For LC, DR70 showed a higher sensitivity (95.8%) and specificity (91.9%) than AQC. However, for PNL AQC showed a higher sensitivity (91.9%) than DR70 (27.3%), although both with low PPV values. As a pre screener, both biomarkers might be employed as complementary tools to detect LC, especially as serially combined tests, with a sensitivity of 60% and a PPV of 65.2%. Additionally, the use of parallel combined tests might support the detection of PNL (sensitivity 91.2%; PPV 49.1%). CONCLUSION: This work adds information on cellular and molecular biomarkers to complement imaging techniques for early detection of LC in Latin America that might contribute to formulate policies concerning screening of LC. Supported by INNOVA-CORFO, Chile.

Interobserver Variability and Accuracy of High-Definition Endoscopic Diagnosis for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia among Experienced and Inexperienced Endoscopists

Accurate diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia is important; however, conventional endoscopy is known to be an unreliable modality for diagnosing gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM). The aims of the study were to evaluate the interobserver variation in diagnosing IM by high-definition (HD) endoscopy and the diagnostic accuracy of this modality for IM among experienced and inexperienced endoscopists. Selected 50 cases, taken with HD endoscopy, were sent for a diagnostic inquiry of gastric IM through visual inspection to five experienced and five inexperienced endoscopists. The interobserver agreement between endoscopists was evaluated to verify the diagnostic reliability of HD endoscopy in diagnosing IM, and the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated for validity of HD endoscopy in diagnosing IM. Interobserver agreement among the experienced endoscopists was "poor" (kappa = 0.38) and it was also "poor" (kappa = 0.33) among the inexperienced endoscopists. The diagnostic accuracy of the experienced endoscopists was superior to that of the inexperienced endoscopists (P = 0.003). Since diagnosis through visual inspection is unreliable in the diagnosis of IM, all suspicious areas for gastric IM should be considered to be biopsied. Furthermore, endoscopic experience and education are needed to raise the diagnostic accuracy of gastric IM.

Does Helicobacter pylori Not Relate to Duodenal Gastric Metaplasia in Healthy Young Adults? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Metaplasia intestinal en esófago: diagnóstico con magnificación endoscópica y “flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement” (FICE) corroborado por histología / Intestinal metaplasia in esophagus: diagnosis With magnifying endoscopy and flexible Spectral imaging colour enhancement (fice) Corroborated by histology

La endoscopia estándar no identifica esófago de Barrett. Esta limitación disminuye con magnificación endoscópica, coloración vital y/o virtual que permite observar los patrones de mucosa sugestivos de metaplasia intestinal. Identificar metaplasia intestinal con magnificación endoscópica y cromoscopia virtual realizada con "Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement" (FICE) corroborándola con histología. Pacientes: Previo consentimiento se incluyeron a los individuos con indicación electiva de endoscopia digestiva superior. Se realizó endoscopia digestiva superior con equipo Fujinon Inc. EG 590 ZW, y procesador EPX 4400. Consecutivamente se practicó endoscopia con: a) alta resolución, b) FICE, c) alta resolución, d) magnificación, e) FICE y f) alta resolución. Cada patrón encontrado se grabó, se fotografió y se guardó en JPEG en programa Power Point. Los patólogos evaluaron la biopsia del patrón observado sin tener datos del paciente. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes: 11 hombres y 19 mujeres con rango de edad 20-83 años y promedio 51,73 años. Solo con magnificación sola o con cromoscopia virtual se observaron los patrones de mucosa. En el tipo 3 se diagnosticó esófago de Barrett en 33,33% y en ninguno de los otros. Conclusión: La magnificación endoscópica y cromoscopia virtual con FICE identifica metaplasia intestinal y diagnostica esófago de Barrett

Standard endoscopy does not identify Barrett's esophagus or mucosa patterns suggestive of intestinal metaplasia. Endoscopic magnification, vital and or virtual chromoscopy reduces this limitation. Aim: Identify intestinal metaplasia with endoscopic magnification and Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement (FICE) corroborating it with histology. Patients: Individuals scheduled to undergo routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed with Fujinon Inc. 590 EG ZW and EPX 4400 processor. Endoscopy was consecutively performed with: a) high resolution, b) FICE, c) high resolution, d) magnification, e) FICE, f) high resolution. Each found pattern was recorded, was photographed and was saved in JPEG in program Power Point. Biopsy was obtained of the predominant pattern and the pathologist assessed without patient information. Results: 30 patients were included, 11 men and 19 women with 20-83 years and 51.73 years average age range. Patterns of mucosa were observed only with magnification and virtual chromoscopy, Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed in 33.33% of type 3 and none in type 1 and 2. The endoscopic magnification and virtual chromoscopy with FICE identifies intestinal metaplasia and let diagnose Barrett's esophagus.

Unión escamo columnar y metaplasia intestinal en esófago: magnificación y FICE / Scomo columnar junction and intestinal metaplasia in esophagus: diagnosis with magnyfication and FICE

La endoscopia estándar no identifica Metaplasia Intestinal en Esófago. Su presencia se ha relacionado con el tipo de Unión Escamo Columnar. La endoscopia de alta resolución con magnificación, colorantes vitales y virtuales aumenta su diagnostico. Asociar la presencia de Metaplasia Intestinal con el tipo de Unión Escamo Columnar, utilizando endoscopia de alta resolución, magnificación y Cromoscopia Virtual con FICE corroborándolo con histología. Previo consentimiento verbal se incluyeron prospectivamente a los individuos que tenían indicación electiva de endoscopia digestiva superior. Se utilizó para endoscopia digestiva superior equipo Fujinon Inc. EG 590 ZW, con procesador EPX 4400 que provee efecto FICE con Cromoscopia Virtual Computada. Se utilizó magnificación y FICE. Se clasificó la Unión Escamo Columnar según Wallner en cuatro tipos y se correlacionaron con la presencia de Metaplasia Intestinal. Se grabó en DVD, se congeló durante 3 segundos la imagen deseada y se fotografió cada hallazgo de interés guardado en JPEG en programa Power Point. Se tomó biopsia del patrón sugestivo de Metaplasia Intestinal. Los patólogos evaluaron las láminas sin tener datos del paciente. Se incluyeron 120 pacientes (p): 44 hombres y 76 mujeres con edad de 20-85 años. Se identificaron los tipos de Unión Escamo Columnar y patrones de mucosa descritos en la literatura y se correlacionaron con la histología. La Unión Escamo Columnar tipo GII se encontró en 45,09% y el Patrón Pit T3 se asoció en 87,5% con GIII. Con FICE se evalúa e identifica mejor el tipo de Unión Escamo Columnar y Metaplasia Intestinal con buena correlación histológica

Barrett´s esophagus is an endoscopic diagnosis stablished when Intestinal Metaplasia is found histologically. We described the association of the type of Scamo columnar Junction (SCJ) described by Wallner et al and pit pattern (PP) classification by Toyoda et al suggestive of Intestinal Metaplasia using High Resolution endoscopy with Magnification and FICE. Salmon and red colored Tongues of columnar epithelium oriented to biopsy the esophagus. SCJ type GII was found in 45,09% and T3 PP in 60,86% of GII and 87,6% of GIII. Our results showed that type o SCJ helps and alert of the presence of Intestinal Metaplasia

Utilidad tinción con azul de metileno en la identificación de metaplasia intestinal en antro gástrico / Utility of the stain with bluue of methylene in the identification of antral gastric intestinal metaplasia

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la tinción con azul de metileno en la identificación de áreas de metaplasia intestinal en antro gástrico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal. Evaluando 75 pacientes del servicio de gastroenterología “Dr. Simón Beker” en el Hospital General del Oeste “Dr. José Gregorio Hernández” durante el período mayo - octubre 2008. Resultados: en el grupo A la sospecha endoscópica de metaplasia intestinal se confirmo con histología en el 71,4%. En el grupo B, con tinción y sin sospecha endoscópica, la histología confirmo 9 (40,9%) casos y en el grupo C sin sospecha y sin tinción, se confirmo en 9 (36%) pacientes con un resultado estadísticamente significativo (p=<0,020). La tinción permitió: en 26 (92,8%) pacientes delimitar con mayor exactitud los bordes de las lesiones sospechosas, en 12 (42,8%) pacientes delimitar la extensión de la lesión la cual era mayor a la descrita en la endoscopia convencional, en 16 (57,1%) pacientes permitió destacar un mayor número de lesiones. Conclusión: La tinción con azul de metileno en el antro gástrico es un procedimiento útil, y debería ser utilizado como pesquisa.

Objective: To determine the utility of the stain with blue of methylene in the identification of antral and angular gastric early intestinal metaplasia. Materials and methods: Descriptive, prospective study. Evaluating 75 patients of the service of gastroenterology “Dr. Simón Beker” in the General Hospital of the West “Dr. Jose Gregorio Hernandez” during the period May - October 2008. Results: 75 patients evaluated, in the group A with intestinal metaplasia endoscopic suspicion of metaplasia, was confimed with histology in the 71.4%. In group B, with tinción and without endoscopic suspicion, the histology was confirmed in 40.9%, and in group C without suspicion and without tinción, was confirmed in 36% of the patient with a statistically significant result (p=<0,020). The stain it allowed: in 26 (92.8%) patient delimit with greater exactitude the edges of the suspicious injuries, in 12 (42.8%) patient to delimit the extension of the injury which was greater to the described one in conventional endoscopy, in 16 (57.1%) patient ones allowed to emphasize a greater number of injuries. Conclusion: The stain with blue of methylene is a useful procedure, and would have to be used like investigation.

Metaplasia intestinal en pacientes con reflujo duodenogástrico y ácidos biliares totales elevados / Intestinal metaplasia en patients with duodenogastric reflux and high total bile acids

Existen evidencias que tanto los ácidos biliares como el Helicobacter pylori en la mucosa gástrica son capaces de desencadenar un proceso inflamatorio que según su intensidad y persistencia favorecen la aparición de fallas y mutaciones en la replicación celular que se expresan desde una metaplasia, displasia hasta un cáncer. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo de corte transversal en el Instituto de Gastroenterología, en pacientes con reflujo duodenogástrico y ácidos biliares totales elevados, con el objetivo de conocer la asociación entre la metaplasia intestinal y la presencia o no de Helicobacter pylori. Al concluir la investigación se observó que la metaplasia estuvo presente en 48,7 por ciento de los 39 pacientes estudiados, que existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) en la distribución de la bacteria en los pacientes con y sin metaplasia intestinal, que los pacientes con reflujo duodenogástrico, a pesar de tener una lesión histológica, presentaron resultados negativos en cuanto a la presencia de Helicobacter pylori. En las muestras con diagnóstico histológico de gastritis crónica severa y atrófica, el 75 por ciento presentaban Helicobacter pylori. La localización de la metaplasia intestinal fue mayor en la región antral (84,3 por ciento). En los pacientes con reflujo duodenogástrico la presencia de Helicobacter pylori no parece estar asociada a grados intensos de metaplasia, aunque el microorganismo se encuentre en todas las categorías, mientras que cuando no hay, la metaplasia tiende a ser menos severa. En el 100 por ciento de los casos la densidad de la bacteria fue ligera

The cytotoxic and cancerous action of bile acids on gastric mucosa is a very interesting subject within the gastroduodenal diseases due to they are able to alter the membrane, the cellular metabolism, to give rise to a inflammatory process, to increase the proliferation, the cell apoptosis and the DNA damage, that according to its intensity and persistence, favor the appearance of failures and mutations in cell replication. With the discovery and characterization of Helicobacter pylori it is considered that according to its intensity and the time of persistence in gastric mucosa provokes damages with failures and cellular mutations. In this sense, a prospective and descriptive study was conducted in the Institute of Gastroenterology in patients presenting with duodenogastric and high total bile acids to know the association between the intestinal metaplasia and the presence or not of Helicobacter pylori. Metaplasia was present in the 48.7 percent of the 39 study patients, that there was a statistically significant association (p< 0.05) in Helicobacter pylori distribution in patients with and without intestinal metaplasia; that patients with duodenogastric reflux, despite of a histological lesion also had a greater frequency of negative results as regards the presence of Helicobacter pylori. In samples with histological diagnosis of severe and atrophic chronic gastritis, 75 percent, respectively, had Helicobacter pylori and in consequence, there was a significant association between presence or not of microorganism and the chronic gastritis intensity. Intestinal metaplasia location was higher in antral region (84.3 percent) and also with a higher ratio of microorganism positivity. In patients with duodenogastric reflux, presence of Helicobacter pylori don't seems to be associated with intense degrees of intestinal metaplasia, although the microorganism is present in all categories, but when there is not Helicobacter pylori, intestinal metaplasia to tend to ...

Utilidad de la técnica histoquímica de aldehído fucsina de Gómori- azul alcian para el diagnóstico de metaplasia intestinal completa e incompleta / Utility of the hystochemical Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue technique for the diagnosis of complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia

Se hizo un estudio descriptivo para evaluar la utilidad de la técnica histoquímica de aldehído fucsina de Gómori- azul alcian para el diagnóstico de metaplasia intestinal (AFG-AA) y sus variedades completa e incompleta, mediante la revisión de 48 muestras para biopsias, extraídas del estómago de pacientes atendidos en la Consulta de Gastroenterología del Hospital Provincial Docente Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba durante el trienio 2005 – 2007, a los cuales se realizó gastroscopia, se diagnosticó la presencia de metaplasia intestinal a través de la tinción de hematoxilina y eosina, así como se procedió a su confirmación y clasificación con la mencionada técnica histoquímica. Entre las variables estudiadas figuraron: edad, sexo, presencia de Helicobacter pilory, tipo de metaplasia intestinal y alteraciones morfológicas. Se verificó que 41 de los pacientes presentaban metaplasia intestinal completa (85,4 por ciento), de los cuales 37 padecían gastritis crónica activa (90,2 por ciento).

A descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the utility of the histochemical Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin Alcian-blue technique for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia (AFG-AA) and its complete and incomplete variants by reviewing 48 samples for biopsies collected from stomach of patients attended in the Gastroenterology Department of Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba during 2005-2007, in whom gastroscopy was performed, the presence of intestinal metaplasia was diagnosed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as it was confirmed and classified by means of aforementioned histochemical technique. Among studied variables were age, sex, and presence of Helicobacter pilory, type of intestinal metaplasia and morphological alterations. It was verified that 41 out of the patients had complete intestinal metaplasia (85, 4 per cent), of whom 37 suffered from active chronic gastritis (90,2 per cent).

Examen citológico anal: prevalencia y citomorfología de las anormalidades / Anal cytological examination: histological and cellular parameters

Introducción: El estudio citológico anal es usado más frecuentemente como un test de screening para detectar las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas anales (ASIL en inglés). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación del uso y limitaciones del citológico anal en busca de la ASIL. Método: Se realizó un examen citológico anal de un hemiano, raspando con un bisturí y colocando en portaobjetos. Estos se sumergieron por espacio de un minuto en alcohol 96 por ciento y luego se llevaron al laboratorio para tinción y análisis. Fueron recolectadas 200 muestras. Pacientes: 100 pacientes fueron operados del ano desde Julio 2007 hasta Mayo 2008, que se separaron en varios grupos según la patología anal. Resultados: 55 pacientes fueron mujeres. El promedio de edad fue 47 años. La patología más frecuente por la cual los pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente fue hemorroides. También hubieron fistulas y fisuras, así como condilomas. Encontramos metaplasia en el 60 por ciento de los pacientes y ninguna displasia severa. Se describieron las morfologías celulares que acompañan a la metaplasia. Conclusiones: En este estudio el examen citológico anal tiene una alta sensibilidad para la detección de metaplasia y displasia en pacientes de la población general operados del ano. Por lo tanto sugerimos que se realice en todos los pacientes que vayan a ser operados del ano o que consulten por patología anal, pues es un estudio sencillo de realizar y poco costoso, demostrando que hay muchos pacientes con cambios en el epitelio anal.

Introduction: The anal cytological study is mostly used as a screening test to detect anal scamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL), among high risk populations. The objective of this study was to assess the use and limitations of the anal cytological one, as well as, to establish the parameters of histology and cytology. Method: An anal histological examination was performed with a curettage, and the material obtained was placed in a slide. It is submerged in 96 per cent alcohol for one minute and then, it is taken to the laboratory to be tinted. 200 samples were collected from 100 patients. Patients: These 100 patients underwent anal surgery from July 2007 to May 2008. They were organized in several groups in accordance with the anal pathology. Results: 55 of them were women. Average age was 47 years old. The most frequent pathology the patients were operated on was hemorrhoids. There were also, fistulas and fissures, as well as condylomas. Metaplasia was observed in 60 per cent of the patients. The cellular morphologies that come with metaplasia were described. Conclusions: In this study, the anal cytological examination is highly sensitive to metaplasia and displasia detection, in patients who underwent anal surgery. Thus, we recommend this study to all patients who will undergo anal surgery or who enquire about any anal pathology. This is a simple and cheap study, and shows that there are a lot of patients with changes in the anal epithelium.

Fotodiagnóstico na cavidade bucal através da espectroscopia de fluorescência nativa: estudo preliminar em humanos / native Fluorescence spectroscopy of oral normal micosa: preliminary study in humans

Componentes moleculares como fibras colágenas e elásticas, flavinas, algumas proteínas e outras estruturas, quando excitadas por luz ultravioleta, mostram fluorescência nativa na região de 450 a 500 nm (azul - verde). Alterações na constituição tecidual podem alterar sua fluorescência nativa. Sítios de metaplasia em lesões leucoplásicas, carcinomas in situ e cáries dentárias são patologias que podem e têm sido diagnosticadas, prematuramente, por fluorescência óptica. Forma de estudo: Clínico preliminar. Objetivos: Estabelecer um padrão de fluorescência nativa da cavidade bucal, visando o diagnóstico de patologias por estudo comparativo diferencial entre espectros de tecido patológico e normal. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizando espectrômetro "plug-in" (PC2000-S, Software OOIBase 32 da Ocean Optics Inc.), computador e fibra óptica, registrou-se a fluorescência nativa da mucosa bucal de 50 indivíduos adultos, saudáveis, de gênero e idade variáveis, selecionados no Ambulatório de Laser da Disciplina de ORL, da FCM Unicamp. Foram obtidos registros de seis sítios distintos e pré-determinados da cavidade bucal, usando fonte de luz ultravioleta, desenvolvida com auxílio da Indústria Komlux. Resultados e Discussão: Os 300 espectros obtidos apresentaram, basicamente, as mesmas bandas e picos de fluorescência. A intensidade apresentou significativa diferença, de acordo com o sítio e o tipo de mucosa, caracterizando, assim, espectros de emissão de fluorescência nativa dos tecidos sadios. Conclusão: Os resultados deste trabalho preliminar sugerem um padrão de normalidade das amostras de acordo com sua fluorescência nativa, possibilitando que a espectroscopia óptica da fluorescência nativa possa ser utilizada como diagnóstico não invasivo e de fácil aplicabilidade.

When components of the human tissue, such as collagen and elastic fibers, flavins and some proteins, are excited by ultraviolet radiation they become strongly autofluorescent and present their native fluorescence in the 450 to 500 nm region (blue-green). When any constitutional tissue alterations occur, pathological or otherwise, the autofluorescence is modified. Hence, this optical phenomenon can be considered a reliable method for early diagnosis. Study Design: Preliminary Clinical study. Purpose: to study tissue alterations by establishing a standard spectrum for the native fluorescence of normal oral mucosal sites and compare them with the spectra of the pathological sites. Material and Methods: The native fluorescence of the oral mucosa in 50 healthy adult individuais who were selected at the Laser Discipline Outpatient department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, was studied using the "plug in" spectrometer (PC2000-S, Software OOIBase 32 , Ocean Optics Inc.), a computer and the optical fiber. Data related to six distinct predefined sites in the oral cavity were obtained using an ultraviolet light source that was developed with the help of KOMLUX. Results and Discussion: Overall, the 300 spectra obtained presented similar fluorescent bands and peaks. The degree of fluorescence differed significantly according to the type and site of the mucosa. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study suggest that the native fluorescence spectra of the oral mucosa should be standardized since it is easily applicable and can be used in non-invasive diagnoses.

Relato de dois casos de condiloma imaturo: descrição dos achados colposcópicos, cervicográficos, cito-histológicos e moleculares / Report of two cases of immature cervical condyloma: description of colposcopic, cervicographic, cytohistological and molecular findings

Por meio da descrição de dois casos, os autores visam chamar a atenção para a forma de apresentação do condiloma imaturo ou metaplasia papilar imatura atípica (MPIA), assim como para as dificuldades de detecção citológica, classificação histológica e interpretação adequada. As características do condiloma imaturo ao colposcópio e na cervicografia foram relacionadas com seu aspecto histopatológico e com o padrão colposcópico do condiloma acuminado típico cervical. Exames citopatológicos resultaram negativos ou com células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS). Em um dos casos foi realizada captura híbrida para papilomavírus humano (HPV), que identificou tipos virais de alto e baixo graus. A partir do estudo dos casos concluiu-se que: a) o condiloma imaturo pode ser identificado por exame colposcópico ou cervicográfico, podendo ser precedido ou acompanhado do diagnóstico citológico de ASCUS ou detecção de HPV por teste molecular; b) a caracterização histopatológica dessas lesões como de baixo grau evita o tratamento cirúrgico desnecessário.

Based on the report of two cases, we aim to highlight the presentation of immature condyloma or atypical papillary immature metaplasia (AIM) as well as the difficulties in its cytological detection, histopathological classification and accurate interpretation of results. The colposcopic and cervicographic characteristics of the immature condyloma were related to its histopathological features and the colposcopic standard of acuminated condyloma. Cytopathological exam results were negative or presented atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). In one case, a hybrid capture test for human papillomavirus (HPV) was carried out, what identified viral types of high and low grades. The study concluded that: 1) immature condylomas may be identified by means of colposcopic or cervicographic exam, and may be preceded or followed by a cytological diagnosis for ASCUS or HPV detection using molecular test; 2. histopathological characterization of these lesions as low grade avoids unnecessary surgical treatment.

Carcinoma metaplásico de mama: a propósito de un caso / Metaplasic carcinoma of the breast: a purpose of a case

Presentamos un informe de una patología quirúrgica pocofrecuente y la descripción de un caso clínico, visto en el servicio de patología mamaria del Hospital Oncológico “Padre Machado” Caracas, Venezuela. Se describe el caso de una paciente femenina de 41 años a la cual se le realizó el diagnóstico de carcinoma metaplásico de la mama izquierda clasificándose como PTXNOMO, posterior a múltiples cirugías previas en un centro foráneo, se le realizó una mastectomía simple de la mama izquierda y la reconstrucción inmediata con colgajo de dorsal ancho más prótesis de 270 cm³. La biopsia definitiva reportó cambios pos tratamiento, marcados cúmulos de células gigantes tipo cuerpo extraño. Macroquistes y microquistes, adenosis extensa marcada. Los carcinomas metaplásicos de mama son tumores bifásicos, caracterizados por presentar doble componente epitelial y mesenquimal. El pronóstico se relaciona con el tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico, tipo y grado de componente mesenquimático. El tratamiento inicial es quirúrgico.

We presented a report of infrequent surgical pathology and description of clinical case seen in the service of mammary pathology of the Oncologic Hospital “Padre Machado” Caracas, Venezuela. The case of a feminine patient of 41 years is described to which we are made to him the diagnose of metaplasic carcinoma of left breast PTXNOMO, subsequent to multiple previous surgeries in foreign center, I am made a simple mastectomy of left breast and immediate reconstruction with flap of wide ridge but prosthesis to him of 270 cm³. The definitive biopsy report pos changes treatment and noticeable accumulations of giant cells type strange body. Macro cyst and micro cysts, marked extensive adenosis. The metaplasic carcinomas of breast are two-phase tumors, characterized to present/display a double epithelial and mesenquimal component. The prognosis is related to the tumor like size, histological type, type and degree of mesenquimatic component. The initial treatment is surgical.

Diagnóstico de la metaplasia intestinal gástrica antral y angular por cromoendoscopía en sus etapas iniciales / Early antral and angular intestinal metaplasia diagnosed by chromoendoscopy

El riesgo de cáncer gástrico aumenta en pacientes de edad avanzada con atrofia de la mucosa gástrica y metaplasia intestinal. Objetivos: Determinar la utilidad de las biopsias guiadas por cromoendoscopía en el diagnóstico precoz de metaplasia intestinal gástrica, antral y angular. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 57 pacientes, edad media 50,2 años (rango 16-81), 40 mujeres y 17 hombres en los cuales se practicó una endoscopía digestiva alta en forma consecutiva. Durante el procedimiento la mucosa se tiñó con azul de metileno detectándose áreas de absorción del colorante. Las biopsias tomadas de estas áreas y de otras que no se tiñeron fueron procesadas en forma habitual y teñidas con hematoxilina eosina, azul de Alcian para detectar o descartar la presencia de metaplasia intestinal. El 79 por ciento de los pacientes fue correctamente diagnosticado. El método tuvo una sensibilidad de 80 por ciento, una especificidad de 78,5 por ciento, un valor predictivo pasivo de 63,2 por ciento y un valor predictivo negativo de 89,5 por ciento. Conclusión: El método resultó ser efectivo en detectar la presencia de metaplasia intestinal en las áreas teñidas en etapas precoses y permite descartar la presencia de metaplasia intestinal en la mayoría de los casos en áreas no teñidas por la cromoendoscopía con azul de metileno.

The risk of Gastric cancer increases in elderly patients with atrophy of gastricmucosa and intestinal metaplasia. Aims: To determine the utility of chromoendoscopy guided biopsies for the diagnosis of antral and angular gastric early intestinal metaplasia.Patients and Methods: A prospective study in 57 symptomatic patients with a mean age of 50,2 years (range: 16-81), 40 women and 17 men, whith consecutive gastric endoscopy was performed. During gastric endoscopy the mucosa of these patients was stained with methylene blue detecting areas of absorption of the staing substance. Biopsies taken from these areas and unstained areas were routinely processed and stained with hematoxilyneosin and Alcian blue to detect or rule out the presence of intestinal metaplasia. The 79% of patient were correctly diagnosed. The method has a sensitivity of 80%, specifity of 78, 5%, a positive predictive value of 63,16% and a negative predictive value of 89,47%. Conclusions: This method probed to be effective in detecting the presence of intestinal metaplasia even in early stages in stained areas and allows to rule out, in most of the cases the presence of intestinal metaplasia in unstained areas after chromoendoscopy with methylene blue.

Carcinoma metaplásico de mama / Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast

O carcinoma metaplásico de mama é uma forma rara de câncer, algumas vezes de evoluçäo rápida, de prognóstico incerto, representando menos de 5 por cento dos cânceres de mama. Vários termos têm sido utilizados para denominar esta afecçäo. Neste trabalho, relatamos um caso de carcinoma metaplásico heterólogo concróide diagnosticando por meio de estudo citológico com punçäo aspirativa com agulha fina e confirmaçäo histopatógica posterior. Em alguns casos faz-se necessária a utilizaçäo de técnicas imuno-histoquímicas e/ou usoo da microscopia eletrônica, que demonstraram a diferenciaçäo mesequimal desses carcinomas, fornecendo diagnóstico definitivo

Metaplasia transicional de la trompa uterina: una entidad poco conocida: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Transitional cell metaplasia of the fallopian tuve: one entity prominent limited: one case presentation and literature revision

En el aparato genital femenino son frecuentes los cambios metaplásticos del epitelio de revestimiento, siendo su patogénesis un hecho aún no aclarado. La metaplasia transicional es infrecuente y poco documentada en la literatura. Presentamos un caso de metaplasia transicional de la trompa de falopio; una lesión poco frecuente y rara vez informada. También llamamos la atención sobre la posibilidad de que lesiones metaplásicas del aparato genital femenino, puedan ser confundidas con lesiones neoplásicas; además de referirnos a las controversias existentes con relación a la histogénesis del carcinoma de células transicionales